Violin

Strings (low to high): G  D  A  E
  G3 - D4 - A4 - E5
  Tuned in perfect fifths (7 semitones apart)

Parts:
  Scroll → Pegbox → Nut → Fingerboard → Body
  Bridge → Tailpiece → Chinrest
  Bow: stick + horsehair, tightened with screw

  f-holes: shaped resonance openings
  Sound post: inside, transmits vibration top↔back
  Shoulder rest: attached to back, supports hold

Left hand:
  Thumb: opposite 1st/2nd finger, relaxed
  Fingers: curved, fingertips on strings
  Wrist: straight, not collapsed
  Elbow: under the violin (rotated left for higher strings)

Right hand (bow hold):
  Thumb: bent, on stick between frog and winding
  Fingers: draped over stick, relaxed
  Pinky: curved on top for control
  Index finger: main pressure point
  Weight from arm, not grip

Contact point: bow between bridge and fingerboard
  Near bridge: louder, brighter (sul ponticello)
  Near fingerboard: softer, warmer (sul tasto)
  Sweet spot: ~1/3 from bridge to fingerboard

On G string:                On D string:
  0 (open) = G               0 (open) = D
  1st finger = A             1st finger = E
  2nd finger = B             2nd finger = F#
  3rd finger = C             3rd finger = G
  4th finger = D             4th finger = A

On A string:                On E string:
  0 (open) = A               0 (open) = E
  1st finger = B             1st finger = F#
  2nd finger = C#            2nd finger = G#
  3rd finger = D             3rd finger = A
  4th finger = E             4th finger = B

Low 1st finger: half step from open (e.g., Bb on A string)
High 2nd finger: shifted up for sharps
Close vs wide spacing: depends on key/accidentals

1st position: index finger at nut area
3rd position: index finger where 3rd finger was in 1st
5th position: index finger at the body joint area
7th position: approaching harmonics territory

Shifting technique:
  Lead with the thumb
  Slide on the same finger (guide finger)
  Keep left hand relaxed
  Practice shifts slowly: old note → slide → new note

Détaché:     separate bows, smooth, each note has its own bow stroke
Legato:      connected notes under one bow (slurred)
Staccato:    short, separated notes (dot above/below)
Martelé:     hammered, strong attack then release
Spiccato:    bouncing bow off string (faster tempos)
Tremolo:     rapid back-and-forth on same note
Pizzicato:   pluck with right hand finger

Bow distribution:
  Whole bow:   for long sustained notes
  Upper half:  lighter, good for fast passages
  Lower half:  heavier, more power
  At the frog:  most weight/control
  At the tip:   lightest touch

Total time: 30-60 minutes

1. Open strings (5 min)
   Long bows, focus on straight bow path
   Even tone from frog to tip

2. Scales (10 min)
   One key per day, following circle of fifths
   2 octaves when possible
   Separate bows first, then slurred

3. Etude/study (10-15 min)
   Kreutzer, Wohlfahrt, Kayser
   Focus on one technical challenge

4. Repertoire (15-20 min)
   Current piece, slow practice of hard passages
   Perform run-through at end

5. Sight-reading (5 min)
   New material, don't stop for mistakes

Metronome:
  Always practice with metronome for scales and etudes
  Start 20% below performance tempo
  Increase only when consistently clean