Chapter 8: Sequences, Series, Induction, and Probability

In mathematics you don’t understand things. You just get used to them.
— John von Neumann

Why This Matters

Sequences and series are mathematics in motion — patterns that unfold step by step.

  • Fibonacci found his sequence in rabbit populations

  • Pascal found his triangle in combinations

  • Compound interest is a geometric series

  • The digits of \(\pi\) form an infinite sequence we’re still computing

Probability is the mathematics of uncertainty — essential in a world where nothing is certain.

Sections

Section Topic Key Skill Status

8.1

Sequences and Series

Notation, summation

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8.2

Arithmetic Sequences and Series

\(a_n = a_1 + (n-1)d\)

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8.3

Geometric Sequences and Series

\(a_n = a_1 \cdot r^{n-1}\)

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8.4

Mathematical Induction

Prove for all \(n\)

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8.5

Binomial Theorem

Expand \((a+b)^n\)

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8.6

Counting Principles

Permutations, combinations

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8.7

Introduction to Probability

\(P(E) = \frac{n(E)}{n(S)}\)

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